Managing situation
INTRODUCTION
Numeracy skills are crucial for managing various situations in daily life, work, and personal finance. The concept of managing situations as an important higher order goal of numeracy education is in contrast to a numeracy education that aims merely at mastering mathematical content.
The concept of managing situations from a numeracy perspective was already coined by Groenestijn in 2002 in her PhD thesis “A gateway to numeracy”. (Groenestijn, 2002). See image. In this definition the concept of managing a situation or solving a problem is broken down in meaningful and concrete details.
Likewise, the definition of numeracy developed for PIAAC Cycle 1 (PIAAC Numeracy Expert Group, 2009), was coupled with a more detailed definition of numerate behaviour and with further specification of what were called the facets of numerate behaviour. This pairing was seen as essential in order to not only describe numeracy but to also enable operationalisation of the construct of numeracy in an actual assessment, and in order to further broaden the understanding of key terms appearing in the definition itself. Consequently, the following definition of numerate behaviour, was adopted for PIAAC Cycle 1:
“Numerate behaviour involves managing a situation or solving a problem in a real context, by responding to mathematical content/information/ideas represented in multiple ways.”
In the 1st cycle PIAAC assessment framework each of the different facets embedded within the definition of numeracy and the elaboration of numerate behaviour were defined and described. This included the facets: contexts; responses; mathematical ideas/content; and representations.
KEY ISSUES
- It is about managing all kinds of situations that require mathematical insight, knowledge, and skills, as described in the PIAAC definition – competencies which enable individuals to take adequate actions in situations which need further elaboration.
- In managing situations, higher-order skills play an essential role.
- The quality of the mathematical action depends on how the person relates himself to his or her mathematical knowledge and skills (dispositions) and the extent to which he/she can oversee and control a situation (higher-order skills).
Relationship to framework
Suggestions for PD meetings
Examples from life
Collect from the participants examples from their own life in which they use numeracy to manage a situation. Describe the situation and the (numerate) action taken. Try to extract which specific skills are being used in these situations. Refer this to the CENF and see if you can find match the skills to those mentioned in the CENF.
International Assessment of Adult Competences
Find the pieces in the The Assessment Frameworks for Cycle 2 of the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies, that refers to managing situation.
Source: OECD. (2021). The Assessment Frameworks for Cycle 2 of the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies. OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/4bc2342d-en
Mr Müller ha a job interview , A fictional example
Mr. Müller lives in Puchenau, in a small town near Linz. He must appear for the interview on Monday at 2 p.m. in Linz, Schillerstraße 6. He wants to go there by train.
It’s not the first time he’s gone to a job interview. However, it has happened several times that he caught an unfavourable train and was only very short or even too late on the spot. This time, and always in the future, he wants to avoid this.
The appointment was scheduled for the afternoon at 2 p.m. Since he often meets with friends on a free afternoon in Linz, he was familiar with the situation.
Normally he takes something small for lunch at home and then takes the next train. This is what he did on the day of the interview in Linz. But unfortunately the train didn’t arrive until 2.15 pm, so he missed the appointment. At previous dates, he has always followed a similar approach.
Of course, he knew that he had to take a train that arrived before the job interview. He also knows full well that there are timetables in which you can look at that. He knows the yellow timetable poster at the station well. He has also been looking for the next train on this poster before, because he wanted to know how long he had to wait for him. But now with the electronic display, where you can immediately see when the next train is going in each direction, he hardly notices the timetable anymore.
When the trains go in which direction he actually does not know. But you never have to wait long. There is almost always a train in every direction. Only if you want to go to Aigen, you have to be careful. There is only one per hour, a few minutes after the hour.
How can you help Mr Müller in an educational setting? Which activities can support Mr. Müller, so that he will no longer need help to come to a meeting in the future in time.
Background information
NCES
Managing situations as an important part of numeracy competences is used probably for the first time by ALL (Adult Literacy and Lifeskills survey). ALL focuses on numeracy not as a portfolio of passive skills but as an active pattern of behavior, such as managing situations, solving problems, and responding to quantitative information, which could be said to characterize numerate adults (Gal et al. 1999).
Quantitative Literacy: Why Numeracy Matters for Schools and Colleges
The definition was referred to by Steen and Madison in their influential publication from 2003.
PIAAC
Later the concept found its way in the assessment frameworks for the first and second cycle of PIAAC.
Literature
Gal, I., van Groenestijn, M., Manly, M., Schmitt, M. J., & Tout, D. (1999). Numeracy Framework for the International Adult Literacy and Lifeskills Survey (ALL).
Groenestijn, M. van. (2002). A Gateway to Numeracy: A Study of Numeracy in Adult Basic Education: Vol. PhD. University of Utrecht.
Hoogland , K. (2010). Realistic Numeracy problems: in Maths At Work – Mathematics in a Changing World; Proceedings of the 17th International Conference of Adults Learning Mathematics (ALM); Oslo, 28th – 30th June 2010, p 58
Hoogland, K., Diez-Palomar, J., & Maguire, T. (2019). Towards a second cycle of PIAAC. In B. Kelly, D. Kaye, G. Griffiths Dalby, Diane, & J. Stacey (Eds.), Boundaries and Bridges: Adults learning mathematics in a fractured world. Proceedings of the 25th International Conference of Adults Learning Mathematics: A Research Forum (ALM) (pp. 67–68). UCL Institute of Education.
Madison, B. L., & Steen, L. A. (2003). Quantitative Literacy: Why Numeracy Matters for Schools and Colleges. National Council on Education and the Disciplines.
https://research.acer.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1033&context=transitions_misc
OECD. (2016). Skills Matter: Further Results from the Survey of Adult Skills, OECD Skills Studies, OECD. In OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). https://www.oecd.org/skills/skills-matter-9789264258051-en.htm
OECD. (2021). The Assessment Frameworks for Cycle 2 of the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies. OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/4bc2342d-en
PIAAC Numeracy Expert Group. (2009). PIAAC Numeracy: A Conceptual Framework. In OECD Education Working Papers, No.35 (Issue 35). OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/220337421165
http://www.maa.org/sites/default/files/pdf/QL/WhyNumeracyMatters.pdf
Tout, D., Coben, D., Geiger, V., Ginsburg, L., Hoogland, K., Maguire, T., Thomson, S., & Turner, R. (2017). Review of the PIAAC Numeracy Assessment Framework: Final Report. Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER).
German literature
Kaiser, H. (2009). Bausteine für ein Rahmenkonzept zur Förderung alltagsmathematischer Kompetenz. Zürich: SVEB. Knowledge Types – Integrated Learning Model http://www.hrkll.ch/typo/fileadmin/Texte/ILM/arten_des_wissens.pdf
Lütje-Klose, B. (2003). Didaktische Überlegungen für Schülerinnen und Schüler mit Lernbeeinträchtigungen aus systemisch-konstruktivistischer Sicht. In: Balgo, R. & Werning, R.: Lernen und Lernprobleme im systemischen Diskurs. Dortmund, verlag modernes lernen, Borgmann: 173-204.
Gallin, P., & Ruf, U. (1990). Sprache und Mathematik in der Schule. Zürich: Verlag Lehrerinnen und Lehrer Schweiz.